The unprecedented public health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been met with an equally unprecedented scientific response. Much of this response has focused, appropriately, on the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, and in particular the binding of the spike (S) protein to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and subsequent membrane fusion.
This Review provides the structural and cellular foundations for understanding the multistep SARS-CoV-2 entry process, including S protein synthesis, S protein structure, conformational transitions necessary for association of the S protein with ACE2, engagement of the receptor-binding domain of the S protein with ACE2, proteolytic activation of the S protein, endocytosis and membrane fusion.
We define the roles of furin-like proteases, transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and cathepsin L in these processes, and delineate the features of ACE2 orthologues in reservoir animal species and S protein adaptations that facilitate efficient human transmission. We also examine the utility of vaccines, antibodies, and other potential therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 entry mechanisms. Finally, we present key outstanding questions associated with this critical process.
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19, which escalated into a global pandemic in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Betacoronavirus.
In addition to SARS-CoV, which was responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS epidemic and which shares 79% nucleotide sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2 the genus also includes human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
SARS-CoV-2 relies on its obligate receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to enter cells. ACE2 was originally identified in 2003 as the receptor for SARS-CoV ACE2 is also the receptor for alphacoronavirus HCoV-NL63, which, together with another alphacoronavirus, HCoV-229E, and beta coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, is a known causative agent of mild upper respiratory tract infections.
The coronavirus virion is made up of the nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins, which are structural proteins. The entry steps of the viral particles — encompassing attachment to the host cell membrane and fusion — are mediated by the S glycoprotein. S protein is assembled as a homotrimer and is inserted in multiple copies into the membrane of the virion giving it its crown-like appearance.
Entry glycoproteins of many viruses, including HIV-1, Ebola virus, and avian influenza viruses, are cleaved into two subunits — extracellular and transmembrane — in the infected cells (that is, the cleavage occurs before releasing of the virus from the cell that produces it).
Similarly, the S protein of some coronaviruses is cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits during their biosynthesis in the infected cells, while the S protein of other coronaviruses is cleaved only when they reach the next target cell.
SARS-CoV-2, like MERS-CoV, belongs to the first category: its S protein is cleaved by proprotein convertases such as furin in the virus-producer cells.
Therefore, the S protein on the mature virion consists of two non-covalently associated subunits: the S1 subunit binds ACE2 and the S2 subunit anchors the S protein to the membrane. The S2 subunit also includes a fusion peptide and other machinery necessary to mediate membrane fusion upon infection of a new cell.
FLA-ST |
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tlrl-stfla | 100 µg | EUR 290.85 |
fla Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA319964LA01BUD |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against fla. Recognizes fla from Borrelia burgdorferi. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
EdU Imaging Kits (488) |
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K1175-50 | 50-500 tests | EUR 240 |
Description: EdU Imaging Kits (488) is a sensitive and reliable way to detect and quantify cell proliferation in cells. It is optimized for fluorescence microscopy. It is a better alternative to traditional BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine). |
BSA Standard kits |
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TBS5002 | 7x 1ml | EUR 45 |
Tricorn Filter Kits |
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TFK-013C | each | EUR 320 |
Description: Chromatography Reagents |
T&A Cloning Kits |
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FYC001-20P | 1 vial | Ask for price |
EdU Imaging Kits (Cy3) |
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K1075-50 | 50-500 tests | EUR 240 |
Description: EdU Imaging Kits (Cy3) is a sensitive and reliable way to detect and quantify cell proliferation in cells. It is optimized for fluorescence microscopy. It is a better alternative to traditional BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine). |
EdU Imaging Kits (Cy5) |
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K1076-50 | 50-500 tests | EUR 240 |
Description: EdU Imaging Kits (Cy5) is a sensitive and reliable way to detect and quantify cell proliferation in cells. It is optimized for fluorescence microscopy. It is a better alternative to traditional BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine). |
EdU Imaging Kits (HF488) |
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K2240-50 | 50-500tests | EUR 240 |
Description: Cell Biology|Cell Proliferation & Toxicity |
EdU Imaging Kits (HF594) |
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K2243-50 | 50-500tests | EUR 240 |
Description: Cell Biology|Cell Proliferation & Toxicity |
Rec FLA-ST |
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tlrl-flic-10 | 10 µg | EUR 295.05 |
Rec FLA-ST |
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tlrl-flic-50 | 50 µg | EUR 731.85 |
Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits |
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KF17371 | 50-100 Tests | EUR 522 |
Necrosis vs Apoptosis Kits |
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KF17372 | 100-200 Tests | EUR 921.6 |
FLA-ST Ultrapure |
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tlrl-epstfla | 10 µg | EUR 237.3 |
FLA-ST Ultrapure |
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tlrl-epstfla-5 | 50 µg | EUR 589.05 |
FLA-PA Ultrapure |
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tlrl-pafla | 50 µg | EUR 441 |
FLA-BS Ultrapure |
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tlrl-pbsfla | 50 µg | EUR 441 |
Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits |
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CT17001 | 125 Tests | EUR 490.8 |
Basic Cytotoxicity Test Kits |
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CT17002 | 250 Tests | EUR 780 |
Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits |
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CT17003 | 125 Tests | EUR 615.6 |
Total Cytotoxicity Test Kits |
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CT17004 | 250 Tests | EUR 975.6 |
fla Polyclonal Antibody |
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A57084 |
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Gel Filtration Calibration Kits |
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Ge-474C | 1 Kit | EUR 1704 |
Description: Chromatography Reagents |
Uncoated Ancillary Reagent Kits |
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RK04587 | 20Plates | EUR 280 |
EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (488) |
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K1176-100 | 100 tests | EUR 340 |
Description: EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (488) is a sensitive and reliable way to detect and quantify cell proliferation in cells. It is optimized for flow cytometry. It is a better alternative to traditional BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine). |
MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits |
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KF17358 | 500 Test | EUR 574.8 |
MitoPT™ TMRE & TMRM Kits |
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KF17359 | 500 Test | EUR 574.8 |
Total bile acid (TBA) kits |
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SH0118 | 96T | EUR 240 |
Rat Neural Stem Cell Kits |
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PC37123 | 1 X 10(6) *minimum order 6 vials* | EUR 1148.4 |
Human flagellin(FLA) Elisa Kit |
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EK710960 | 96 Wells | EUR 0.13 |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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EK12050 | 96Т | EUR 799 |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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AE62995HU-48Tests | 48 Tests | EUR 360 |
Description: Human (Homo sapiens) |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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AE62995HU-96Tests | 96 Tests | EUR 680 |
Description: Human (Homo sapiens) |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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AE62995HU-48T | 48T | EUR 360 |
Description: Human (Homo sapiens) |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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AE62995HU-96T | 96T | EUR 680 |
Description: Human (Homo sapiens) |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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MBS285112-10x96StripWells | 10x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 6840 |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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MBS285112-48StripWells | 48-Strip-Wells | EUR 480 |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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MBS285112-5x96StripWells | 5x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 3610 |
Human Flagellin (FLA) ELISA Kit |
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MBS285112-96StripWells | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 805 |
HiPer® Teaching Kits-Handbook |
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MBTL001-1NO | 1 unit | EUR 11.97 |
Description: HiPer® Teaching Kits-Handbook |
Carcass Sponge Sampling Kits - PK95 |
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SWA1038 | PK95 | EUR 434.7 |
Sealed Vials Calibration Kits - EACH |
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2659505 | EACH | EUR 1013.85 |
HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11259) |
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OKSA11259 | 50 Tests | EUR 678 |
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11260) |
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OKSA11260 | 150 Tests | EUR 1602 |
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM Kits (OKSA11261) |
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OKSA11261 | 500 Tests | EUR 2422.8 |
Description: Description of target: HISTAR DETECTION SYSTEM;Species reactivity: ;Application: IHC-AFF, IHC-FFPE;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
fla Antibody, HRP conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA319964LB01BUD |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against fla. Recognizes fla from Borrelia burgdorferi. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
fla Antibody, FITC conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA319964LC01BUD |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against fla. Recognizes fla from Borrelia burgdorferi. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
fla Antibody, Biotin conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA319964LD01BUD |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against fla. Recognizes fla from Borrelia burgdorferi. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Salt Testing Kit?(1pk=10 kits) |
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K052-1PK | 1 unit | EUR 25.53 |
Description: Salt Testing Kit?(1pk=10 kits) |
Human Septin 9 (SEPT9) Elisa Kits |
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EK715307 | 96 Wells | EUR 0.51 |
EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (Cy3) |
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K1077-100 | 100 tests | EUR 340 |
Description: EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (Cy3) is a sensitive and reliable way to detect and quantify cell proliferation in cells. It is optimized for flow cytometry. It is a better alternative to traditional BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine). |
EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (Cy5) |
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K1078-100 | 100 tests | EUR 340 |
Description: EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (Cy5) is a sensitive and reliable way to detect and quantify cell proliferation in cells. It is optimized for flow cytometry. It is a better alternative to traditional BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine). |
ELISA kit for Human Flagellin (FLA) |
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KTE62575-48T | 48T | EUR 424.8 |
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Flagellin (FLA) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids. |
ELISA kit for Human Flagellin (FLA) |
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KTE62575-5platesof96wells | 5 plates of 96 wells | EUR 2702.4 |
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Flagellin (FLA) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids. |
ELISA kit for Human Flagellin (FLA) |
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KTE62575-96T | 96T | EUR 686.4 |
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Flagellin (FLA) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids. |
EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (HF488) |
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K2241-100 | 100tests | EUR 340 |
Description: Cell Biology|Cell Proliferation & Toxicity |
EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kits (HF594) |
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K2244-100 | 100tests | EUR 340 |
Description: Cell Biology|Cell Proliferation & Toxicity |
CellQuanti-MTT Cell Viability Assay Kits |
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CQMT-500 | 500 | EUR 219 |
CellQuanti-Blue Cell Viability Assay Kits |
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CQBL-05K | 5000 | EUR 219 |
CellQuanti-Blue Cell Viability Assay Kits |
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CQBL-10K | 10000 | EUR 349 |
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits (OKSA11298) |
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OKSA11298 | 500 Tests | EUR 1147.2 |
Description: Description of target: MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: FC, IF;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits (OKSA11300) |
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OKSA11300 | 500 Tests | EUR 1147.2 |
Description: Description of target: MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: FC, IF;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
neodisher LaboClean FLA 5L - EACH |
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411233 | EACH | EUR 94.5 |
JBScreen Membrane 1-4 - All 4 kits |
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M-CS-309 | 4 Kits | EUR 1349 |
Description: JBScreen Membrane 1-4 - All 4 kits |
fla Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated |
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A57081 |
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fla Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated |
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A57082 |
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OPCA01998-1MG - fla Recombinant Protein |
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OPCA01998-1MG | 1mg | EUR 1977 |
OPCA01998-20UG - fla Recombinant Protein |
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OPCA01998-20UG | 20ug | EUR 400 |
fla Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated |
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A57083 |
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OPCA01998-100UG - fla Recombinant Protein |
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OPCA01998-100UG | 100ug | EUR 586 |
Blocking Buffer 3 (Multiple PARP Assay Kits) |
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79743 | 25 ml x 2 | EUR 105 |
Description: This Blocking Buffer 3 is optimized for minimizing background in multiple PARP BPS Bioscience Assay Kits. _x000D__x000D_ |
Mouse geNormPLUS kit. 12 SYBRgreen detection kits |
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Z-gePLUS-SY-12-mo | n/a | EUR 545 |
Blocking Buffer 2 (BPS Immunotherapy Assay Kits) |
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79728 | 50 ml | EUR 110 |
Streptavidin-HRP (For PARP & Cytokine Assay Kits) |
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80611 | 100 µl | EUR 100 |
Description: Streptavidin-HRP is useful in select BPS Bioscience assay kits. |
Blocking Buffer 1 (Various Epigenetics Assay Kits) |
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79556 | 50 ml | EUR 100 |
Description: This Blocking Buffer 1 is optimized for minimizing background in various BPS Bioscience assay kits. The BPS Bioscience Blocking Buffer improves S/B ratio of HMTs NSD2 and SetDB2 ELISAs with respect to competitor blocking buffer by both decreasing background (0% Activity control, no enzyme) and increasing assay signal (100% Activity control, enzyme without inhibitor). |
Blocking Buffer 4 (Multiple Epigenetics Assay Kits) |
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52100 | 50 ml | EUR 95 |
Description: This Blocking Buffer 4 is optimized for minimizing background in various chemiluminescent methyltransferase, demethylase, and TET assays. |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP |
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GR225025 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL |
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GR225026 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP |
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GR225027 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR |
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GR225028 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA |
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GR225030 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP |
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GR226025 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL |
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GR226026 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP |
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GR226027 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR |
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GR226028 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA |
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GR226030 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP |
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GR228025 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL |
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GR228026 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP |
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GR228027 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR |
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GR228028 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA |
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GR228030 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-BMP |
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GR224025 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CCL |
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GR224026 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-MMP |
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GR224027 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-TLR |
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GR224028 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-SAA |
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GR224030 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100 |
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GR225031 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL |
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GR225032 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100 |
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GR226031 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL |
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GR226032 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100 |
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GR228031 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL |
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GR228032 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
OKSA11298-500T - MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL KIT Kits |
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OKSA11298-500T | 500Tests | EUR 769 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-S100 |
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GR224031 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-CXCL |
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GR224032 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones |
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GR225029 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones |
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GR226029 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones |
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GR228029 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Hormones |
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GR224029 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons |
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GR225009 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons |
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GR226009 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons |
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GR228009 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Glucuronidase Sample Prep kit (to accompany EIA kits) |
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MBS480430-40Samples | 40Samples | EUR 220 |
Glucuronidase Sample Prep kit (to accompany EIA kits) |
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MBS480430-5x40Samples | 5x40Samples | EUR 960 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-Interferons |
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GR224009 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins |
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GR225017 | 96-well | EUR 545 |
Nori® Canine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins |
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GR226017 | 96-well | EUR 545 |
Nori® Bovine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins |
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GR228017 | 96-well | EUR 545 |
Nori® Porcine 4-Plex ELISA Kits-Immunoglobulins |
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GR224017 | 96-well | EUR 545 |
Human Glutaminase Liver Isoform, Mitochondrial (GLS2) ELISA Kits |
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EIA07209h | each | EUR 430 |
Rabbit ANTI 14-3-3 ISOFORM PANEL Kits (OKSA11258) |
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OKSA11258 | 1 u | EUR 1483.2 |
Description: Description of target: RABBIT ANTI 14-3-3 ISOFORM PANEL;Species reactivity: Sheep;Application: ELISA, IHC-FFPE, WB;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
Bovine Glutaminase Liver Isoform, Mitochondrial (GLS2) ELISA Kits |
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MBS2614905-10x96StripWells | 10x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 3545 |
Bovine Glutaminase Liver Isoform, Mitochondrial (GLS2) ELISA Kits |
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MBS2614905-48StripWells | 48-Strip-Wells | EUR 310 |
Bovine Glutaminase Liver Isoform, Mitochondrial (GLS2) ELISA Kits |
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MBS2614905-5x96StripWells | 5x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 1940 |
Bovine Glutaminase Liver Isoform, Mitochondrial (GLS2) ELISA Kits |
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MBS2614905-96StripWells | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 475 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel |
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GR225034 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel |
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GR226034 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel |
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GR228034 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Cardiac Panel |
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GR224034 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors |
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GR225024 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors |
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GR226024 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors |
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GR228024 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Growth Factors |
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GR224024 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Mast/stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit (Kits) Antibody |
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20-abx116620 |
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Mast/stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit (Kits) Antibody |
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abx116620-100g | 100 µg | EUR 612.5 |
Mouse geNormPLUS kit. 12 Double dye probe detection kits |
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Z-gePLUS-DD-12-mo | n/a | EUR 636 |
Precellys 2mL Lysing Kits - Soft tissue Starter box - PK40 |
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HOM1060 | PK40 | EUR 268.65 |
VersaBlot™ CF®680T Total Protein Normalization Kits |
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33025-1 | KT | EUR 532 |
VersaBlot™ CF®680T Total Protein Normalization Kits |
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33025-T | - | EUR 178 |
Description: N/A |
VersaBlot™ CF®680T Total Protein Normalization Kits |
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33025-T-1 | KT | EUR 178 |
VersaBlot™ CF®770T Total Protein Normalization Kits |
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33026-1 | KT | EUR 532 |
VersaBlot™ CF®770T Total Protein Normalization Kits |
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33026-T | - | EUR 178 |
Description: N/A |
VersaBlot™ CF®770T Total Protein Normalization Kits |
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33026-T-1 | KT | EUR 178 |
Nori® Equine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel |
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GR225033 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Canine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel |
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GR226033 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Bovine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel |
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GR228033 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Nori® Porcine 6-Plex ELISA Kits-Inflammation Panel |
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GR224033 | 96-well | EUR 629 |
Precellys 2mL Lysing Kits - Micro-organism Starter box - PK40 |
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HOM1062 | PK40 | EUR 268.65 |
MULTIWELL PLATE POLYSTYRENE 96-WELL FLA - PK100 |
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M2936-100EA | PK100 | EUR 148.35 |
TBS, pH7.6 - Buffer for Dot Blot and Western Blot Kits |
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WB-B002 | 50 ml | EUR 18.36 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody |
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20-abx300423 |
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Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody |
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abx300423-100g | 100 µg | EUR 362.5 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody |
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abx300423-20g | 20 µg | EUR 162.5 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody |
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abx300423-50g | 50 µg | EUR 250 |
TBST, pH7.6 - Buffer for Dot Blot and Western Blot Kits |
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WB-B001 | 100 ml | EUR 25.92 |
Insuleze insulating kit, one of each of the above kits |
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100GIK240 | each | EUR 434 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL8-TNFA |
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GR225005 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL2-IL4 |
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GR225008 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL8-TNFA |
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GR226005 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL2-IL4 |
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GR226008 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL8-TNFA |
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GR228005 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL2-IL4 |
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GR228008 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Borrelia burgdorferi Flagellar filament 41KDA core protein (fla) |
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1-CSB-EP319964BUD |
|
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Description: Recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi Flagellar filament 41KDA core protein(fla) expressed in E.coli |
2',3'-cGAMP STING-based FRET Detection Kits (1 Plate) |
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K081-F1 | 1x96 well plate | EUR 502 |
Description: 2',3'-Cyclic GAMP (cGAMP)/ assay kit |
2',3'-cGAMP STING-based FRET Detection Kits (5 Plate) |
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K081-F5 | 5x96 well plate | EUR 2006 |
Description: 2',3'-Cyclic GAMP (cGAMP)/ assay kit |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL8-TNFA |
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GR224005 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL2-IL4 |
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GR224008 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1A-IL8-TNFA |
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GR225001 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL8-TNFA |
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GR225002 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL6-TNFA |
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GR225003 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL10-TNFA |
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GR225006 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1A-IL8-TNFA |
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GR226001 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL8-TNFA |
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GR226002 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL6-TNFA |
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GR226003 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL10-TNFA |
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GR226006 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1A-IL8-TNFA |
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GR228001 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL8-TNFA |
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GR228002 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL6-TNFA |
||
GR228003 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL10-TNFA |
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GR228006 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1A-IL8-TNFA |
||
GR224001 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL8-TNFA |
||
GR224002 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL6-TNFA |
||
GR224003 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL6-IL10-TNFA |
||
GR224006 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL10-TNFA |
||
GR225004 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL10-TNFA |
||
GR226004 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL10-TNFA |
||
GR228004 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Detection Reagent A for Dot Blot and Western Blot Kits |
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WB-B006 | 30 ml | EUR 86.4 |
Detection Reagent B for Dot Blot and Western Blot Kits |
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WB-B007 | 30 ml | EUR 86.4 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL1B-IL10-TNFA |
||
GR224004 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
JBScreen Membrane 1 - 4 & JBScreen Detergents HTS (4 + 1 Kits) |
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M-CS-308 | 4 + 1 Kits | EUR 2129 |
Description: JBScreen Membrane 1 - 4 & JBScreen Detergents HTS (4 + 1 Kits) |
Nori® Equine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL4-IL6-IL-10 |
||
GR225007 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Canine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL4-IL6-IL-10 |
||
GR226007 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Bovine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL4-IL6-IL-10 |
||
GR228007 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Nori® Porcine 3-Plex ELISA Kits-IL4-IL6-IL-10 |
||
GR224007 | 96-well | EUR 503 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody (HRP) |
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20-abx300424 |
|
|
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody (HRP) |
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abx300424-100g | 100 µg | EUR 362.5 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody (HRP) |
||
abx300424-20g | 20 µg | EUR 162.5 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody (HRP) |
||
abx300424-50g | 50 µg | EUR 250 |
Flagellar Filament 41 kDa Core Protein (FLA) Antibody (FITC) |
||
20-abx300425 |
|
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